This
piece ex-rayed how corruption has eaten deep into African continent destroying the
fabrics of democracy , growth and development. www.odogwublog.com captured his mind as
presented
66th
Anniversary (Human Rights 365) Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights (UDHR)
2014
Africa: A Blessed Continent
Ruined By Dictatorship & Tyranny
“Why
is it that when Europeans and North Americans (and Southeast Asians) are busy
finding their ways to the Moon, Africans are busy moving back to the forest or cave?”-
Dr. Julius Nyerere 1994.
(Failed Democracy & Good
Governance In Africa, Onitsha Nigeria, Sunday December 21, 2014)-We
take dictatorship
to mean a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a
dictator or a small clique in a government; with maximum suppression of civil
liberties and rule of law. Dictatorship is also commonly
associated with political sit-tight or long stay in power through manipulative
polls and limitless tenure elongation. By Tyranny, we mean a State under cruel
and oppressive government or a government that resorts to unreasonable and
arbitrary use of power or control against the citizenry including the
dissenting voices.
On
the other hand, we see Democracy as a form of government in
which all eligible citizens are allowed and empowered to participate equally
either directly or indirectly (through elected representatives) in the
proposal, development and establishment of the laws by which they are governed
with such laws providing for their maximum safety and welfare. Democracy
is commonly associated with numerous types including corrupted or bastardized
versions.
Representative
and
Liberal
Democracies are the most popularly accepted types in modern times. In Representative
Democracy, sovereignty is transferred by the citizens to the elected
representatives to be held in trust for them with periodic electoral renewal.
In Liberal
Democracy, protection of individual liberties and properties through
rule of law is extensively entrenched (Democracy & Good Governance Program of
Intersociety 2014).
Political
governance styles have in multi-centuries past undergone several
modifications, adaptations and adoptions. From the Hobbesian state of nature,
where life was short, nasty and brutish, which gave birth to modern art of government
to communalism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism, to
even Divine
Right of King, etc, instances are inexhaustible. In the not too
distance past centuries, the Divine-Right Theory of Kingship or
Divine Right of King held sway as dominant political governance style
in the communal, national and international politico-religious systems.
This
Divine
Kingship theory asserts that a monarch or king is subject to no earthly
authority and his right to rule is directly derived from the will of God. By
this, the king is not subject to the will of his people, and as such; does no
wrong. It is further held that it is only God who can judge an unjust King.
Deposing him or restricting his powers was then regarded as a sacrilege
and homicidally punishable.
The
infamous political governance style above mentioned was later swept away and
became very unpopular and obsolete particularly in the 19th and 20th
centuries. They were quickly replaced with dictatorship and free democracy
as two dominant forms of political governance styles in the modern world of
today.
Traditional
or absolute monarchic governance style was repealed and
replaced with constitutional monarchy by way of transferring the management
of public affairs to the people through their elected representatives and
allowing monarchies to exist ceremoniously. Monarchy was abolished in
France following the 1780s revolution that gave birth to the French Declaration of the
Right of Man & Citizen of 1789 and establishment of parliamentary
system of government.
While
dictatorship
has its roots in military coups and revolutions and one-party rule; democracy
is rooted in Athenian democracy (direct democracy). Modern
democratic form is called indirect democracy (via elected
representatives). This was also popularized by the British Bill of Rights of 1689(begat
by the Magna Carta of 1215 AD(liberties inviolate) or the Great Charter of
Liberties of June 5, 1215), the US Independence Declaration of July 1776 and
the French Declaration of the Right of Man & Citizen of 1789.
In
Africa, a Continent of over a billion people, occupying a land mass of about
10million square kilometers; various scholarly studies have continued to show
that dictatorship,
tyranny and their triggers are holding the Continent to ransom to the
extent that over half of its 53 member-States are under the clutches of dictatorship
and tyranny. Dictatorship and tyranny found their way into the
Continent immediately after the end of colonial rules on the Continent. They
were triggered off by neo-colonialism, one party rule, self
succession, attempts to eliminate ethnic and religious divisions and their replacement
with nationalism; inter member-States rivalries, cold war supremacy struggles between
the USA and the defunct USSR and their allies as well as military
takeovers.
To
curb ethno-religious divisions and conflicts, many newly independent African
countries opted for one- party rule and unicameral legislature and unitary
governance in addition to the recognition by then OAU of the 1884/5
Berlin Conference outcome that artificially partitioned African
boundaries and borders. The one-party rule later developed into dictatorial
and tyrannical governance styles that have bedeviled the Continent till
date. Despite bastardization of the universally approved tenures of political
office in electoral democracy, there are two globally approved tenures of
office whether in presidential, parliamentary or monarchic democracies.
One
is four
year tenure of two maximum terms (minimum of four years and maximum of eight
years). The other is five year tenure of office renewable once
(minimum of five years and maximum of ten years). Others under these
two such as five or six year single tenure is also within the confines of international
best practices. But the rest outside these and under whatever guise are
out-rightly reprehensible and rejected and their practitioners or beneficiaries
are dictators
and tyrants.
Consequences
Of Dictatorship & Tyranny In Africa: These
are best captured by seven fundamental threats to human security
as developed by the United Nations Development Program (Concept of Human Security 1994). These
are: environmental
threats, economic threats, political threats, food threats, health threats,
personal insecurity and threats to community (culture and values) security. They
are also captured in absolute (destitution) and extreme poverties
as defined by the UN and the World Bank in 1995
and 2005 respectively.
While
absolute
poverty is defined as deprivation of the citizenry of basic human
needs, which commonly include food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter,
health-care and education; extreme poverty is taken to mean an
artificially created condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic
human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health,
shelter, education and information. Those suffering from these are not only
denied access to reasonable income, but also access to social services. According
to the World Bank international poverty line of 2005, those earning
$1.25 or below it daily in addition to their deprivation of access to social
amenities are considered to be extremely poor.
Dictatorship
and Tyranny in Africa have also brought and
institutionalized environmental pollution and degradation, militarization of
the Continent and proliferation of small arms, over 14 million refugees and
millions of internally displaced persons, escalation of intra State conflicts,
genocidal wars and perpetration of humanity crimes, insurgencies, mass poverty
and illiteracy, malnutrition, dearth of safe drinking water and health-care
facilities, spiral drop in direct foreign investments, huge debts and elevation
of dozens of member-States to the status of highly indebted poor countries,
chronic unemployment, prevalence of chronic and terminal diseases like
tuberculosis, aids and HIV, high infant and maternal mortalities, gross under-development,
ethno-religious divisions and violence, political instability, promotion of
politics of exclusion and primordialism, bad governance impunity, corruption
and squander-mania as well as favoritism and nepotism in governance.
According
to warsintheworld.com
(November 2014), out of a total of 64 ongoing world active intra State
conflicts involving 591 militia-guerrillas and separatist groups, Africa has 27 of
such bloody conflicts involving 167
militia-guerrillas, separatist and anarchic groups. African bloody
conflicts are divided into four major categories of ethno-religious (i.e. Islamist
militants uprising), civil war, popular uprising against government and war
against rebel groups. These have cumulatively cost the Continent over
3million deaths and generated over 14million refugees and millions of
internally displaced persons since 1990 with the Great Lakes region accounting
for about 70%. There may most likely be over 60 million small arms in wrong hands
on the Continent presently. The British Broadcasting Service (BBC) had
in 2003 observed that one out of every 20 Africans has unlawfully
possessed gun or small arm.
The
DRC (Congo Brazzaville) has the highest number of active armed opposition
groups in Africa with 36, followed by South Sudan with 16. Libya and Mali have
15 each. Others are Sudan 13, Somalia 12, Egypt 9, Ethiopia 8, Central African
Republic 8, Nigeria 6 (MEND, NDVF, Ombatse, Boko Haram, Ansaru
& Fulani Jihadist Terror Group), Eritrea 4, Algeria 4, Somaliland
3, Uganda 3, Mauritania 2, Angola 2, Kenya 2, Tunisia 1, Western Sahara 1,
Rwanda 1, Senegal 1, Puntland 1, Mozambique 1, Ivory Coast 1, Djibouti 1 and
Chad 1. There are also Islamist and tribal rebellions in Niger Republic,
Cameroun and Burundi bringing the total of African countries presently ravaged
by armed conflicts to 29. In the 80s and early 90s, 14 civil wars were waged in
all the 14 regions of Ethiopia simultaneously.
Serving
Dictators & Tyrants In Africa:
1. Angola-Dr. Jose Eduardo Dos Santos, born
28th August 1942 (72 years). He has remained in power since 21st
September 1979 after the death of former President Agostinho Neto. He has spent
35 years in power and is one of the longest serving African presidents. He
abolished the concept of direct election of the president in 2010 and technically
made himself a life president by providing that “the leader of a party with
most seats in the National Assembly automatically becomes the President of
Angola”. His MPLA party is the sole largest party in Angola. His eldest
daughter, Isabella Dos Santos is the Africa’s richest woman and 8th
richest person on the Continent valued at $3.7Billion.
2.
Equatorial Guinea-Teodore Obiang
Nguema Mbasago, born 5th June 1942 (72 years). He became president
after ousting his uncle (Francisco Macias Nguema) in an August 1979 coup. He
has spent 35 years in office having been head of State since 3rd
August 1979 and is the second longest serving African president. Tenure of
office is pegged at seven years without limit. He was elected unopposed in December
2002 and won another seven years in November 2009.
3. Zimbabwe-Robert Mugabe, born 1924 (90
years). He was the executive prime minister from 18th April 1980 to
22nd December 1987 and president from 1987 till date. He has spent
34 years in power and may most likely die in office.
4. Cameroun-Paul Biya, born 13th
February 1933 (81 years). He has been president of Cameroun since 6th
November 1982 after serving as prime minister from 1975 to 1982. In 2008, he
changed his country’s constitution to provide for limitless term of seven years
and in October 2011; he won another seven year term and will
complete his current tenure in 2018 at the age of 85 years. He has already
spent 32 years in power.
5. Congo Libreville-Denis Sassou Nguesso
(71 years). He was military head of State from 8th February 1979 to
31st August 1992. He staged another rebellious come back on 25th
October 1997 following June-October 1997 civil war and has remained in power
since then. He enjoys seven year limitless term and has won polls in 2002 and
2009. He has spent a total of 30 years in power.
6.
Uganda-Yoweri Museveni, born 15th
August 1944 (70 years). He has been in power since 29th January
1986, after his NRA rebels toppled the military government of Tito and Basilio
Okello. In a 2005 referendum, he scrapped multi party system and limited tenure
of office. He enjoys five year limitless tenure and won February 2011 presidential poll. He has spent 28 years in power and
is sixth longest serving president in Africa. President Museveni has also
mounted stiff opposition against the works of the International Criminal Court,
accusing it of unfairness to Africa.
7.
Swaziland-King Makhosetive Dlamini
Mswat 111. He is the Africa’s remaining absolute monarch and was enthroned on
25th April 1986 (28 years). Popular polls are totally limited in his
Kingdom and he appoints his prime minister at his own will. He has spent 28
years in power.
8. Sudan- Omar Hassan al-Bashir (70 years):
He has been the military head of State since 30th June 1989. He
enjoys five years limitless tenure and won last election in 2010. He has
spent 25 years in power and was indicted by the ICC in March 2009 for his butchery roles in Darfur violence.
9.
Chad-Idriss Deby. He has been in
power since 2nd December 1990 and has contested and won
elections in 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011 with five year limitless tenure. He has
spent 24 years in power.
10. Eritrea-Isaias Afwerki. He has been in
power since June 8, 1993 following his EPLF rebel’s victory over Ethiopia in a
30-year civil violence. He enjoys five year limitless term and has kept
postponing national polls for years. He has spent 21 years in power.
11.
Gambia-Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung
Jammeh (49 years). He has been in power since 22nd July 1994. He
enjoys five year limitless term and has won polls in 1996, 2001, 2006 and
2011. He is officially addressed as “His Excellency Sheikh Professor Alhaji Dr.
Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh Babili Mansa”. He was recently named “the
West African King of Impunity” by the Media Foundation for West Africa
based in Gambia for his atrocious human rights records. He has spent 20 years
in power.
12.
Rwanda-Paul Kagame. He was the
vice-president & commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Rwanda from July
1994 to March 24, 2000 and has served as president till date. He enjoys seven
year limitless term and won August 2010 polls. He has spent
20 years in power.
13. Algeria- Abdelaziz Bouteflika. He came to
power on 27th April 1999 and won polls in 1999, 2004, 2009 and
2014. He enjoys five year limitless term and has spent 15 years in power. He
made a narrow escape during the 2011 revolutionary protests.
14. Djibouti-Ismail Omar Guelleh(67 years). He
succeeded his uncle (Hassan Gouled Aptidon) on 8th May 1999 who was
in power since independence in 1977.
President Guelleh enjoys six year limitless term and has won
polls in April 1999, 2005 and 2011. He contested alone in 2005 and won.
He has spent 15 years in power.
15. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)-Joseph
Kabila Kanbanye (43 years). He assumed office on 17th January 2001
ten days after the assassination of his father (Laurent Dasire Kabila). He
enjoys five year limitless term and was first elected in 2006 and re-won
in 2011. He has spent 13 years in power.
Emerging African Dictators
& Tyrants:
16. Togo-Faure Gnassimgbe Eyadema (48 years). He
came to power following his father’s death in office in 2005. He won polls
in April 2005 and re-won in April 2010. He enjoys five year term renewable more
than twice. He has been in power for 10 years. His father was in office from 14th
April 1967 to 5th February 2005 (38 years). In late November 2014,
mass protests erupted in the country against his attempts to change the
constitution to allow him run for the 2015 presidency for a third time.
17. Burundi-Pierre Nkurunziza (51 years). He
was a rebel (CNDD-FDD) leader and came to power on 26th August 2005.
He was the only candidate in the June 2010 presidential poll, which he won.
His government has announced he would contest the 2015 polls in deviance of the
existing constitutional limit of two terms of five years. A bill is before the
Burundian parliament for the altering of same to allow him run. He has been in
power for 9 years. Over 300,000 people perished in the country’s civil war
between 1993 and 2005 following promotion of politics of dictatorship and
tribal cleansing.
18.
Mauritania-Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz.
He participated in August 2005 coup that ousted President Maouya Ould Sid Ahmed
Taya and led another coup in August 2008. He stood for April 2009 presidential
poll and won. He re-contested in the June 2014 poll, boycotted by most
leading opposition candidates and won another five year term.
African
Dictators & Tyrants Who Died In Office/Ousted Recently:
19. Libya-Moummar Gaddafi. He ruled Libya from 1st
September 1969 to 23rd August 2011 (42 years). He was dethroned by a
coalition of revolutionary forces following his endless dictatorial and
tyrannical rule premised on limitless term of office. He aided and masterminded
many military coups and civil conflicts in Africa. He was killed in office in
2011.
20. Egypt-Hosni Mubarak (86 years). He was
appointed vice president of Egypt from 1975 to 1981 and served as president
from 14th October 1981 to 11th February 2011 (30 years).
He became dictatorial and tyrannical leading to his ouster by people’s
revolution in February 2011.
21.
Gabon-Omar Bongo. He was president of
Gabon from 2nd December 1967 to 8th June 2009 (41 years).
He died in office in June 2009 and after his death, his eldest son-Ali Bongo
Ondimba took over following the August 2009 Poll, which he won for a five year term.
His father ruled with limitless office term of seven years.
22.
Togo-Gnassingbe Eyadema. He ruled Togo
from 14th April 1967 to 5th February 2005 (38 years). He
died in office in 2005 and his son-Faure took over winning April 2005 and
2010 polls with five year term.
23. Tunisia-Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. He ruled
Tunisia from 7th November 1987 to 14th January 2011 (24
years). He was deposed by Jasmine Revolution in January 2011
following his attempt to continue to rule limitlessly. He fled to Saudi Arabia
and was convicted and jailed for life in absentia in 2012 for killing of
protesters in 2010/2011.
24. Burkina Faso-Blaise Campore. He ruled
Burkina Faso from 15th October 1987 when he killed his closest ally
and then head of State-Captain Thomas Sankara to 31st October 2014
(27 years) when he was deposed by a military coup following a nationwide protest.
The protest followed his attempt to further manipulate the constitution to
allow him stand for limitless term of office.
25. Ethiopia-Meles Zenawi. He ruled Ethiopia
from 21st May 1991 to 20th August 2012 (21 years). He
served as post civil war president/prime minister of Ethiopia and changed the
constitution to allow him rule limitlessly. He died in office in 2012.
26. Senegal-Abdoulaye Wade (88 years). He was in
the opposition from 1978 during which he contested for the presidency of
Senegal four times and lost, to year 2000 when he was elected president at the
age of 74. He got into office and sealed his term to seven years without limit.
In 2012, he stood in for another term at the age of 86 and was beaten in a
second round by Macky Sall, who also reduced presidential term to five years.
Before his electoral defeat, he had governed for 12 years and groomed his
eldest son to succeed him by making him a minister in-charge of four key
ministries joined together.
27.
Guinea-Lansana Conte. He ruled Guinea
from 3rd April 1984 to 22nd December 2008 (24 years). He
died in office in 2008. In 2010, Alpha Conte became the first freely elected
president since independence in 1958.
28.
Niger Republic-Mamadou Tandja. He
ruled Niger from 1999 to 2010 (11 years) before he was deposed by a military
coup in 2010 following his attempt to force a referendum on Nigeriens to allow
him rule limitlessly.
29.
Ivory Coast-Laurent Gbagbo. He ruled
Ivory Coast from 26th October 2000 to 11th April 2011 (11
years). He arbitrarily annulled 2010 presidential poll results in seven key
departments in the northern part of the country, which were the strongholds of
his main challenger. This was after he postponed the polls originally slated
for 2005. These triggered off rebellion by loyalists of President Alassane
Quattara leading to his ouster and arrest in April 2011. He was indicted by the
ICC
and later extradited to The Hague in 2011 and is presently standing trial for
crimes against humanity.
30. Central African Republic-Francios Bozize.
He ruled the Central African Republic from 15th March 2003 to 24th
March 2013(10 years). He overthrew the civilian government of Ange-Felix
Patasse on 15th March 2003 through a rebellion he launched in 2001.
He won
the March/May 2005 polls and was re-elected in January 2011 polls. On
24th March 2013, he fled to Cameroun via DRC after the seleka
rebels dominated by Muslims overran the presidential palace following
his attempt to rule limitlessly.
Summary:
From the foregoing statistics, it is fundamentally obvious that over 60% of
African Continent’s member-States are presently under the clutches of
dictatorship and tyranny. It has also been indisputably established that over
70% of the African States are politically unstable. All the genocidal, civil,
military and political conflicts that have ravaged Africa in recent times are
triggered off by dictatorship and tyranny. The problems facing the Continent
are hugely man-made and flow from top-down politico-social vices and
mis-governance. They are pollutant viruses afflicting Africa
and Africans.
Despite
debt relief of over $100Billion delivered to the Continent since year 2000
including writing off of $40Billion owed by 18 heavily indebted poor
countries by the G8 in 2005 and a total sum of
$568Billion delivered in aides to the Continent by developed world since 1985,
the Continent still owes more than $500Billion in external debts as at 2014;
from $412, 84Billion it owed in 2011 (source: African Economic Outlook 2014).
The sub Saharan Africa alone is reported to have raised foreign bonds amounting
to $20Billion in 2014 alone.
In
defense or military hardware spending, the Continent spends more than
$150Billion presently per annum with Algeria and Angola topping the list with
$10Billion and $6Billion respectively. In 2011, according to the
African Economist.Com, Africa spent a total of $113.20 billion on
military hardware. These huge debts and military spending are majorly for the
sustenance of Africa’s dictatorial and tyrannical regimes and containment of
internal insurrections arising from protests over their perpetuation and
attendant social vices.
The
hitherto ambitious annual target of $65Billion direct foreign
investments into the Continent as well as the Peer Review mechanism designed
by AU for the socio-economic
transformation of the Continent have failed woefully owing to dictatorship and
tyranny. Efforts by the ICC to stamp out impunity and atrocity crimes and criminals
(political
governance rights abuses & abusers) on African Continent have
steadily been frustrated owing to prevalence of dictatorial and tyrannical
regimes on the Continent.
Recommendations:
There is need
for proper and intellectual articulation of agitations for regime change in Africa
particularly as it concerns revolutionary efforts at dethroning the dictators
and tyrants bent on holding the Continent to ransom in perpetuity. The revolutionary
regime changes that took place in countries like Libya, Burkina Faso,
Egypt, etc were not intellectually articulated. They are nothing but mob
and renegade regime changes.
A
revolutionary regime change that aims to oust a dictatorial/tyrannical regime
without proper transition of power to the newly elected representatives made up
of civilians in a short run is worse than the targeted dictatorial regime.
While Libya and Egypt have remained in political turmoil and instability as a
result of the forgoing, it has also provided an opportunity for military juntas
to stage a political come back into the politics of Burkina Faso, which has
been governed by modified military regime since 1980s.
On
the other hand, countries like Niger
Republic, Mali, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Madagascar, Guinea and Guinea Bissau are
places where intellectually articulated regime changes have taken place
owing to holding of successful and free elections in 2010 (Niger), 2010
(Guinea), 2011(Ivory Coast), 2012 (Senegal), 2013 (Mali), 2013(Madagascar) and
Guinea Bissau (2014). These countries were recently ravaged by insurrections,
military takeovers and dictatorships. Credible and popular regime change is
that premised on peace building, free polls, democratic power rotation and
limited tenure of office.
Our
second recommendation is the need for proactive and collaborative efforts by
the African Civil Society groups and the media to declare voice and pen war against
dictatorship and tyranny on the Continent in the context of regional
and international awareness campaigns. The war should be properly
articulated and fought ceaselessly until all dictators and tyrants are
dethroned. Consistent and proactive pressures should be directed at African
regional and sub regional bodies as well as the United Nations and development
partners to reject and isolate dictators and tyrants in Africa.
Our
third recommendation is a call for the review of relevant regional and
sub-regional charters and treaties to incorporate prohibition and
criminalization of sit-tight, self succession and tenure elongation (office abuse crimes)
premised on dictatorship and tyranny in Africa. There is need to review the
AU’s Constitutive Act, ECOWAS Charter, SADC Charter and their likes in
Central African, East African and North African sub-regions for the purpose of
ending dictatorship and tyranny in Africa. The instruments creating judicial
bodies like African Court of Justice/Human Rights and ECOWAS Community Court, etc
should also be revisited and expanded.
It
is our belief that unless credible and effective benchmarks are put in
place to fight dictatorship and tyranny, otherwise Africa will continue to
wallow in intractable politico-social vices. The Continent must borrow a leave
from the European Union that set strict criteria for intending members
including free democratic, good governance, human rights and budgetary
performance indexes.
African
leaders who have exceeded maximum of eight or ten years in office other than
ceremonial or parliamentary monarchs should be forced to relinquish powers or
be expelled from participating in regional or sub-regional forums meant for
African Heads of State and Government. They should also be arrested, prosecuted
and jailed for office (tenure) abuse crimes. A code-ban should also be put in place
banning their sons, daughters, wives, brothers, cousins, in-laws and other
relatives from succeeding them particularly when they die in office.
The
AU and other African sub-regional bodies like ECOWAS and SADC should also block
such regime
tenure abusers from participating in all UN related functions including
the General Assembly meetings and proceedings. This can be done by way of
written recommendations to the United Nations.
Lastly,
respected and democratically stable African countries like South Africa,
Botswana, Tanzania, etc are urged to empower their judicial bodies with
trans-border or regional jurisdictions to pave way for indictment of
such dictatorial and tyrannical leaders over office tenure abuse and
political crimes as well as crimes against humanity.
International
arrest warrants should be issued against them as well as prosecuting them in
person or in absentia within best international practices. Where it is possible
for other African countries to dethrone them for strict purpose of enthroning free
democracy, free speech, credible regime change and peace building, they
should be dethroned.
Thank
You
Prepared
& Presented By:
Emeka
Umeagbalasi (Criminologist & Graduate of Security Studies, M.SC Candidate
in Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution & Alumnus of IVLP of the US
State Dept, class of June 2013)
+2348174090052,
+2348100755939 (office only)
Board
Chairman, International Society for Civil Liberties & the Rule of Law
(A
presentation made at the 2014 World Human Rights Declaration Anniversary
organized by Intersociety supported by the G8 Rights Groups & Anambra
Rights/CSO Activists Forum held at the Knights of St Mulumba Headquarters,
Onitsha, Nigeria, 21st December 2014)
Pics: 1-HE, Mr Peter with Prof Chinyere Okunna, 2-Chairman of the
event Barr Uche Wisdom Durueke & Mr Isaac Umunna of the Nigerian
NewsExpress, 3 Barristers Obianuju Igboeli & Uzochukwu Oguejiofor (Heads of
Campaign & Publicity Dept & Civil Liberties & Rule of Law of
Intersociety), 4 Intersociety Boss-Emeka Umeagbalasi delivering a speech
titled: Africa: A Blessed Continent Ruined By Dictatorship & Tyranny, 5 Mr
Chidi Anthony Opara of Chidiopara Reports & Chief Okereke of the Nigerian
Masterweb, 6 A cross section of seated guests
And Africa Died, according to Intersociety Boss, Emeka Umeagbalasi
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